The first half was dedicated to instructor-led lectures, followed by a control survey in which the students rated the efficiency of pedagogical learning on a five-point Likert scale from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree). For each year of the study, the course was divided into two time periods. An animal physiology course was studied over a two-year period (Year 1, n = 42 students Year 2, n = 30 students) to determine the effects of student-led seminar (andragogical) and lecture (pedagogical) teaching methods on students' retention of information and performance. Active learning is based on self-directed and autonomous teaching methods, whereas passive learning is grounded in instructor taught lectures.
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